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Empathy¡]¦P²z¤ß¡^ is the recognition and understanding of the states of mind, beliefs, desires, and particularly, emotions of others. It is often characterized as the ability to "put oneself into another's shoes", or experiencing the outlook or emotions of another being within oneself; a sort of emotional resonance. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
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CHILDREARING PRACTICES POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING AND BEHAVIOR include:
ƒÞ Responsive, nonpunitive, nonauthoritarian behavior of mothers toward their preschool children
ƒÞ Explaining to children the effects of their behavior on others
ƒÞ Pointing out to children that they have the power to make others happy by being kind and generous to them
ƒÞ Parental modeling of empathetic, caring behavior
ƒÞ Explaining to children who have hurt or distressed others why their behavior is harmful and giving them suggestions for making amends to those hurt
ƒÞ Encouraging school-age children to discuss their feelings and problems with parents.
CHILDREARING PRACTICES WHICH ARE NEGATIVELY RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING AND BEHAVIOR include:
ƒÞ Threats and physical punishments aimed at inducing children to "behave properly"
ƒÞ Inconsistent behavior toward children's expression of emotional needs or rejection/withdrawal in response to those needs
ƒÞ Home situations in which children's mothers are physically abused by their fathers
ƒÞ The provision of extrinsic rewards or bribes aimed at eliciting "good" behavior from children.
Specific instructional/training components shown to be related to the desirable behaviour include:
ƒÞ Training in interpersonal perception and empathetic responding--what empathy is, how it develops, how to recognize and respond to others' emotive states, etc.
ƒÞ Activities which focus initially on one's own feelings as a point of departure for relating to the feelings of others
ƒÞ Activities which focus on similarities between oneself and one's feelings and the selves and feelings of others
ƒÞ Role-taking/role-playing activities in which one imagines and acts out the role of another
ƒÞ Sustained practice in imagining/perceiving another's perspective
ƒÞ Exposure to emotionally arousing stimuli, such as portrayal of misfortune, deprivation, or distress
ƒÞ Expressions of positive trait attribution/dispositional praise; that is, reinforcing to children that positive, prosocial traits are part of their nature
ƒÞ Modeling of empathetic behavior by teachers, trainers, experimenters and other adults with whom the child comes in contact
ƒÞ Activities that focus on the lives of famous empathetic persons (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr., Mother Theresa).